Western Medicines

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Title

Skeletal system

Writer

Acuworld

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868

Date

2020-07-15 08:27:48

Skeleton<o:p></o:p>
  
Skull, spinal column, chest (thorax), upper limbs, lower limbs<o:p></o:p>
  
1. Function: supports body (provides shape, protect organs), works with muscles to provide movements,  hematopoiesis (development of blood cells-red and white blood cells and platelet formations)<o:p></o:p>
2. Joints
  
            1) Fibrous: no movement ex) suture (skull), pelvis<o:p></o:p>
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            2) Cartilaginous: little movements ex) vertebral column, ribs<o:p></o:p>
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            3) Synovial: greatest range of motions ex) hip joint, extremities, etc.<o:p></o:p>
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3.Classification of bones
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            -Long bone: humerus, femur<o:p></o:p>
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            -Short bone: wrist and ankle bones<o:p></o:p>
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            -Flat bones: parietal bone, occipital bone<o:p></o:p>
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            -Irregular bones: vertebrae, jaw bones<o:p></o:p>
  
4. Bone Composition<o:p></o:p>
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            -Periosteum: membrane that surrounds the bone ( @around the bone@ )<o:p></o:p>
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            -Bone tissue: compact  and spongy (cancellous)<o:p></o:p>
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            -Bone marrow: medullary cavity and spongy<o:p></o:p>
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            -Chondrin: hyaline cartilage and articular cartilage<o:p></o:p>
 5. Blood forming organ: red marrow makes red (RBC),and white blood cells (WBC) and the platelet 6. Bone growth: epiphyseal plate (grows in bone length), periosteum (growth in bone  width) 7. Joint Structure 
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-Joint capsule: top of a joint<o:p></o:p>
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-Articular fossa: a hollow of depressed area within a joint; where joint capsule attaches<o:p></o:p>
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-Articular cartilage: usually hyaline, located on the articular surfaces of bones within a synovial joint; protects and acts as cushion for joint movements<o:p></o:p>
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            -Joint cavity: spaces between the ends of two bones; contains synovial fluids, which provides nutrients to joints and cartilages
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            -Ligament: connect bones to other bones to form a joint<o:p></o:p>
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8. Bones of upper limb: bones of shoulder girdle (scapula, clavicle), free upper limb bones (humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones (8), metacarpal bones, phalanges)<o:p></o:p>
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         -Major  joints of upper limb
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a) Shoulder joint: composed of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone)<o:p></o:p>
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b) Elbow joint: formed by three bones - compose of humerus of the upper arm, and the bones of the forearm, the radius laterally and the ulna medially<o:p></o:p>
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c) Humeral-ulnar joint: composed of humerus, ulna and radius<o:p></o:p>
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d) Humeral-radial joint: composed of humerus, ulna, and radius<o:p></o:p>
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e) Proximal radio-ulnar joint: composed of radius and ulna<o:p></o:p>
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f) Radius-carpal joint: composed of radius and carpal bones<o:p></o:p>
 9. Nerves of the upper limb:<o:p></o:p>
Brachial plexus (Cx5 - Tx 1)
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-Axillary N: innervates Deltoid and Teres Minor muscles; also carries information from shoulder joint, and the skin covering the inferior region of deltoid m.<o:p></o:p>
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-Musculocutaneous N: innervates Biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis muscles<o:p></o:p>
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-Median N: runs down arm and forearm; innervates most of the flexors in the forearm; only nerve that passes through the carpel tunnel, main cause of carpal tunnel syndrome<o:p></o:p>
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-Ulnar N: runs down the arm and forearm, and into the hand; innervates one and a half muscles in the forearm: flexor carpi ulnaris (which flexes and adducts the wrist), and the medial two digits of flexor digitorum profundis (a muscle that flexes the fingers<o:p></o:p>
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-Radial N:  supplies the arm, the forearm and the hand; innervates the dorsal muscles, such as triceps brachii, the extrinsic extensors of the wrist and hands, and the cutaneous nerve supply to most of the back of the hand. (The ulnar nerve cutaneously innervates the back of the little finger)