Your shopping cart is empty!
Ear
1. Anatomy of Ear:
A. External ear: auricle, external auditory meatus
B. Middle ear: tympanic membrane, three ossicles, the malleus, incus, and stapes (sound waves)
C. Inner ear: cochlear and semicircular canal (auditory and equilibrium)
2. Hearing (audition)
Sound waves causes tympanic membrane to vibrate - ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) pass vibrations to cochlea - cilia (hairs located inside Organ of Corti, structure located inside of cochlea) excited by vibrations - nerve impulse generated in auditory nerve - nerves send impulses to auditory (hearing) center of the brain
Sense of Taste
Sweet: end of tongue
Spicy: end of tongue, sides
Sour: middle sides of the tongue
Bitter: tongue root (back of tongue)
Sense of Smell
Smell - olfactory cells - olfactory nerves - olfactory bulb - olfactory nerve - olfactory center in brain
Eyes
1. Anatomy of eye:
Fibrous tunic or Corneoscleral tunic: cornea, sclera
Vascular tunic: choroid, cilliary body, iris
Intraocular membrane: retina
Contents of eye: lens, vitreous body, aqueous humor
Accessory organs of eye: eyelid, lacrimal gland, eye muscles
2. Object recognition and imaging:
Light - cornea - pupil - iris - lens - vitreous body - retina - optic nerve - visual
center in the brain
3. Accommodation:
Close vision: ciliary muscles contract, fibers slack, lens rounds to greater strength for close vision
Distant vision: ciliary muscles relax, fibers taut, lens at minimum strength for distant vision
4. Adjustments of light and shade:
Strong light (brightness): circular/sphincter muscles of the eyes contracts, radial/ dilator muscles relaxes
Weak light (darkness): radial/ dilator muscles contracts, circular/sphincter muscles relaxes
5. Nearsightedness/ myopia: occurs when light entering the eye focuses in front of the retina instead of directly on it. This is caused by a cornea that is steeper, or an eye that is longer, than a normal eye
6. Farsightedness/ hyperopia: occurs when light entering the eye focuses behind the retina, instead of directly on it. This is caused by a cornea that is flatter, or an eye that is shorter, than a normal eye
7. Color blindness/ achromatopsia: condition caused by hereditary or caused by disease of the optic nerve or retina; absence or deficiency of pigments in cones (photoreceptors), usually difficulty distinguishing reds and greens; more common in males
Skin
1. Anatomy of skin:
Epidermis: stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and germinativum (stratum basale)
Dermis: papillary layer, reticular layer
Subcutaneous layer: loose connective tissue (has adipose tissue)
2. Function of skin: protection, sensation, stores nutrients, Vit D, produce/excrete, regulates body temperature, and respiration
3. Sweat gland
- Apocrine sweat gland: mainly present in armpits and genital areas; opens into hair follicles (exterior); active after puberty
- Eccrine sweat gland: distributed all over the entire body surface; used for body temperature regulation
- Types of sweat:
Thermal sweat: secreted when body temperature rises
Emotional sweat: occurs when response to excitement, fear, anxiety, and other emotional states (usually occurs in palms, soles and armpits)
Gustatory sweat: stimulated by taste- highly spiced food (usually in head and face)
Sensory organ, nerves, and senses
Eye: Optic nerve - visual center (of brain) - sight/ vision
Nose: olfactory nerve - olfactory center - sense of smell
Ear: auditory nerves - auditory center - sound
Tongue: facial nerve - glossopharyngeal nerve - gustation center - taste
Skin: cerebrospinal nervous system - somatosensory center - sense of pain, heat/warmth, cold, and touch