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Respiratory System
1. Breathing
Inhalation/inspiration: diaphragm flattens, increases length of the thorac, which increases the size of the thorax from the front to the back and from side to side.
This increase in the size of the chest cavity reduces pressure within it, and what follows is an active process where air moves into the lungs
Expiration: thorax returns to its resting size and shape, elastic recoil of lung tissues aids in expiration. Reduction of the size of the thoracic cavity builds pressure and air leaves the lungs
Breathing regulations
Regulation of respiratory center:
-Basic rhythm of ventilation coordinated by inspiratory area of respiratory centre
also modified by chemoreceptors located in medulla oblongata
-Basic rhythm of ventilation is controlled by medullary rhythmicity area (medulla oblongata)
-Variety of feedback mechanisms match respiration to metabolic demand
Thoracic respiration: breathing done with rib muscles expanding the rib cages, common among females
Abdominal respiration: breathing done by brining air to the lowest and largest part of the lungs, common among males
Breathing rate (per 1 minute)
Adult: 16- 20 breaths
Newborn: 40 -60 breaths
Toddler: 30-35 breaths
Tidal volume: amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each normal breath; 500 ml
2. Lungs
Location: lies within protective rib cages
Shape: 2 cone-shaped
Right lung: has 3 lobes
Left lung: has only 2 lobes
Compositions: made up of light, buoyant and elastic tissues with conducting airways
connecting them to ambient air
Function: brings air into lungs, gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange), brings oxygen into to the body
Pulmonary Vessels:
Pulmonary artery: carried de-oxygenated blood from right ventricles to the lungs
Bronchial artery and vein: serves bronchi, empty into azygos vein
3. Pleura: a thin layer of tissue covering the lungs and the wall of the chest cavity to protect and cushion the lungs. A small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant allows the lungs to move smoothly in the chest cavity during breathing
4. Breathing:
Organs: nose - nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchus - lungs
Function: gas exchange
Airway: parts of the respiratory system through which air flows, to get from the external
environment to the alveoli; situated at the level of the second thoracic vertebra; about 10 cm in length
Bronchus: one of the large air tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs that convey air to and from the lungs. divides into two main bronchi, the left and the right, at the level of the sternal angle. The right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left main